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All experience proves that Time Flows, the present separating the past from the future.

The Now is the moment of becoming when reality emerges annihilating empty possibilities.

The Universe (U) must therefore be subject to the Absolute Simultaneity of a Universal Time.

Atoms of the same type, if exposed to similar conditions, partake in the same Cosmic Rhythm.

Only a universe (u) with an infinite substratum of fundamental particles can sustain such rhythm.

In order to possess invariant laws such universe must be expanding relative to the sizes of atoms.

The only relevant universes are those with a structure determined by an expanding substratum (S).

The crucial property of these universes is not homogeneity, but the symmetry of Cosmic Isotropy.

The substratum of fundamental particles is covered by local layers, or strata, of accidental particles.

The substratum thereby offers a spatial background on which individual traits can be distinguished.

Fundamental particles (FP) are at rest in S, relative to the CMBR. Accidental particles (AP) are not.

The clocks of fundamental particles count universal time (T), while those of accidental ones do not.

A fictitious spatial standard frame can be construed around any object, whether at rest or in motion.

However, it can never be supplied with identical clocks except for infinitesimal elements of the grid.

At any time T only one fundamental particle can be at rest in a frame, constituting its Natural Origo.

An object O refers at any T to two FP: FP1 with which it coincides; FP2 relative to which it is at rest.

The clock of object O is slow relative to that of FP1 due to motion, to that of FP2 due to gravitation.

The retardation of O-time t is: {1 - V^2 /c^2}^-2 relative to FP1, {1 + 2? /c^2}^-2 relative to FP2.

So the "motional energy" of O relative to FP1 equals the "gravitational" energy of O relative to FP2.

Thus it is not the master clock of an FP passing over the standard frame of another FP that is slow.

It is the slave clocks in that frame which are slow relative to the master clock of the FP showing T.

There is no attraction between fundamental particles, thus no valid Einstein-Friedmann equation.