The Wave or Particle Confusion

Accepting new theories is not our greatest problem. Even more difficult to us is to escape old theories. A wise man said that long time ago, and this statement is demonstrated in the wave or particle confusion. This confusion is in the hart of physics, where we can see a chaotic situation. We certainly do not understand the behavior of light.

Light

When we use the concept ‘ray’ in relation to the wave model for light we must realize that this concept no longer represents the track of a particle. Instead the ray concept represents the orientation of a wave front as the normal to that wave front. A transverse ether wind w (inside the wave front) cannot change wave front orientation, since all points on the wave front are changed equally. Therefore, the ray, representing the wave motion, follows a straight line independent of w, and w is irrelevant in relation to the ray. The ray depends on c and v only (v is longitudinal ether wind). The vector sum of c and both v and w is relevant for the motion of a beam of light. This direction can be detected based on amplitude, but this demands focused light. However, inside the beam w is irrelevant in relation to the ray concept, and orientation of wave front. The ray direction is detected by phase in a telescope or defined by mirrors in a cavity or in an interferometer.

Light takes the fastest, not the shortest, way between two points and also between two mirrors in cavities and interferometers. This is analogous to a swimmer crossing a river and minimizing time, and not distance. We can therefore conclude that standing waves generated in cavities and interferometers always have plane wave fronts that are parallel to defining mirrors. This means that light always moves with the speed c in a right angle to the mirrors in the frame of the ether. Orientation of mirrors and longitudinal ether wind v (transverse to mirrors), is independent of if the mirrors move with a speed (-w?) inside their own planes.

Irrelevance of transverse ether wind w means that stellar aberration does not depend on the ether wind. Instead, changes in the state of motion of the telescope produce changes in the apparent ray direction in the same way as Bradley said regarding the track of light particles. By the same reason we conclude no effect of w in the transverse arm in MMX in contrast to Stokes’ idea. We also, in the same way, find no effect of w in a ‘light clock’ in contrast to Einstein’s idea.

Clock dilation

Clock dilation can be explained by bound electrons in atomic clocks moving forth and back in relation to the ether wind. The electrons are accelerated and decelerated during each period of orbit. If we assume a vertical ether wind equal to the horizontal ether wind due to motion, for a satellite in circular orbit, we can explain clock dilation by ether wind only. We get one description instead of GRT plus SRT. If the satellite is not stabilized in relation motion the effect of ether wind due to motion is reduced by 50 %. This can be united with results from GPS system.

The GPS system

In the GPS system all receivers are near the Earth and all transmitters are on the same distance from the Earth. A spherically symmetric ether wind blowing in direction towards the Earth can therefore be united with the high precision in the GPS system. Such an ether wind can also explain gravity.

Gravity

A falling ether can explain gravity. Gravity contributions from distant bodies is neutralized by the fact that our planet is in free motion. Nearby bodies can demonstrate anomalies when the point mass approximation no longer is valid. Tidal effects are caused by the fact that gravity varies with distance. Gravity anomalies during solar eclipses can be caused by the fact that the Moon is shielding gravity from the Sun only on parts of our planet.

The Pioneer anomaly

A radial and range dependent ether wind can cause 2-way light speed to increase with range. This can produce an illusion of decreasing speed in the space station.

Light bending near the Sun

Transverse ether wind w cannot bend a wave front. A gradient in longitudinal ether wind v can produce a bending of light, first away from the Sun, and later back to the same direction, but not to the same position. Therefore, a small net effect remains. This explains why this light bending is only about 10^-5 although gravity near our sun is very large.

Testing

Since the speed of atomic clocks is known to depend on the directed force of gravity (or the vertical ether wind) it is very logical to test if this time (or clock) dilation depends on the orientation of the clocks in relation to gravity. According to ideas presented here the dilation effect due to GRT should disappear if clock orientation is changed from horizontal to vertical. This would cause relevant electrons to move in a plane transverse to gravity.

Conclusions

The difference between beam direction and ray direction is important.

Total light motion or beam direction is defined by the vector sum of c and ether wind.

Wave motion or ray direction is not dependent on transverse ether wind w.

Observer’s motion changes the apparent ray direction.

References

The irrelevance of ether wind transverse to light and relevance of ether wind in relation earth has been described in more detail in articles available at the homepages of CNPS and GSJournal. Blogs by this author are available at my blog.

John-Erik Persson