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Hyperacute vision experiments demonstrate conclusively that vision initiates in the retina in the form of a wave. When the idea of wave signaling is applied to human vision considerable evidence is cited to show that physical continuity of the image is maintained until it arrives in the cortex as a standing wave. These findings together with well known properties of the nervous system allow the life form to be treated as an ordinary material system approximated by the time-dependent Schroedinger wave equation, with solutions given by superpositions of standing waves. Supporting evidence is provided by characteristics of standing waves calculated from the de Broglie wave relation which are evident throughout the nervous system. Since life form processes can be approximated by a wave function the question is posed whether the statistics of evolution are classical or quantum mechanical in origin.

Scientific method requires the use of empirically tested observations to arrive at verifiable results. Evidence obtained from introspection or personal experience is not normally admitted to a scientific theory except historically in the case of natural philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant. However, in these exercises I will revive practices from the past by reinstating the philosophical principle of dualism. Dualism is the idea that there is an external world of appearances that is the subject of science and an internal world independent of experience that is outside the possibility of experiment. Because dualism is a universal principle it can be used to comment on problems from quantum mechanics to cosmology. Specific topics of discussion will include evolution, human consciousness, and galactic structure.

Spontaneous emission is viewed as the continuous absorption of energy by
an atomic oscillator followed by quantization during decay. Energy-time
uncertainty can then be defined in a manifestly covariant way by
establishing space-time boundaries on the action integral of the decay
process; where the minimum of action is not zero, but h. First order
equations are derived describing the emission of a photon. Second order
emission is shown to yield the Feigenbaum equation. The similarities
between them are noted. It is concluded that discrete forms of time, or
oscillation periods, function as operators in Lagrangian quantum
mechanics because they take as their inputs a delocalized superposition
state and return as their outputs a localized quantum state. It is
hypothesized that period doubling must be accompanied by asymmetric
geometries.

Experimental evidence is cited to show that intersecting fields rather than the fields themselves are what we perceive as carriers of energy. Thus the energy of an electromagnetic wave is produced by intersecting magnetic and electric fields. Additional evidence is introduced suggesting that the electron is a magnetic field rotating at speed c whose angular acceleration generates gravitational field. Therefore electron structure is the sought after unification between electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

The field diagram for an electromagnetic wave shows that electric and magnetic field vectors violate Gauss laws. This is corrected and wave motion is explained by introducing a dipole-field geometry for the photon. The dual wave-particle nature of photons is also accounted for by means of classical fields and vector addition.

The allure of quantum mechanics lies in its mysteries and the exotic possibilities they introduce, such as worm holes, parallel Universes, and teleportation. It is shown here that these are illusions perpetuated by the self-serving ends of establishment physicists. The mystique disappears when experiments are described in strict detail with classical fields and straightforward causal arguments. Quantum physics is shown to be accessible to everyone, not just mathematicians. It is shown that quantum variables do not commute because the initial state of a quantum system is indeterminate.

It is shown that the strange mathematics of quantum mechanics can be accounted for if it describes the interaction of three vector fields; nucleus, electron, and photon. A state vector is formed as the combination of two of the three vector fields. This yields an infi-nite number of possible solutions, the probability amplitudes. The remaining vector field, or operator, is then applied to the state vec-tor to obtain an infinite number of possible values for the physical variable, the eigenvalues. Combining the vector fields in a different order yields two distinct, but mathematically equivalent solutions, matrix mechanics and wave mechanics.

It is shown that quantum variables do not commute because the initial state of a quantum system is indeterminate.

A theory is introduced in which material structures are described by field geometries and interactions are due to the intersection of their field potentials. A photon in isolation is conceived of as having a magnetic dipole potential which we perceive as an electromagnetic wave when it intersects with electric field potentials. The electron's field is defined as a photon rotating on its axis at angular speed c and its gravitational field is due to the angular acceleration of the same field. Experimental evidence is cited to show that intersecting fields, not the fields themselves, are what we observe as the cause of forces; and that at higher intensities they may assume particle properties. This allows quantum mechanics and elementary particle theory to be assimilated into field theory nearly unchanged. When the proposed models are implemented the inverse square law is found to be inadequate for describing gravitational field energy, starlight, and incoherent sources. A laboratory experiment is proposed as a way to verify this for light sources. Interpretations for dark matter and dark energy are proposed. This is the last in a series of papers which taken together outline a theory of everything.

Spontaneous emission by an atomic oscillator is defined in terms of energy transformation and flow. The description is expanded to include dissipative systems by introducing energy equipartition as a property of the flow. The Feigenbaum constant is derived quantum mechanically. A law of flow equivalent to the laws of thermodynamics is formulated for bounded systems and is then applied to living organisms. The common genetic structure of cells is seen as fulfilling the structural requirement of equipartition while the tendency of the organism towards an equilibrium state, or homeostasis, describes the equipartitioned flow. Since energy flow increases by superposition evolution may be interpreted as an extended series of spontaneous energy transformations from external to internal modes. Finally evolutionary theory is used heuristically to define a universal law of energy flow and to introduce time as a quantum mechanical variable. Two experimental tests are proposed.

Einstein derived his coefficients of induced and spontaneous emission by assuming that electromagnetic radiation is directional, having the form of ?needle radiation?. That idea is extended here and shown to suggest that stimulated emission should be described as a three-body problem; nucleus, electron, and photon. The photon is conceived of as having a central core with localized momentum surrounded laterally by a continuous sinusoidal field; and stimulated emission is due to the coupling of its field with the bound electrons of nearby molecules. Coupling is directly proportional to the density of oscillators so that starlight is predicted to have a different microscopic structure than artificial light. Non-commutation does not occur in the three body model of emission because the conservation of momentum fixes the order of observables. This allows the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to be assigned a more precise physical interpretation. Evidence for the three body model is described at the macroscopic level by using high speed photographs of spark discharges. It is hypothesized that all forces; gravitational, electroweak, and nuclear; have independent structure and are thus in agreement with the three body model.

The macroscopic Maxwell's equations, which quantum mechanics uses to define radiation fields, are shown to be in violation of the special principle of relativity. This is resolved by applying Maxwell's equations microscopically to each of the n constituent wave trains of a macroscopic wave. It is then shown that spontaneous emission may be accounted for by subjecting a bound electron to the combined influence of the n superimposed wave trains. If emission is induced by a coherent wave then frequency doubling phenomena are predicted. Several examples are cited showing the pervasiveness of frequency doubling in nature. The evidence suggests further that quantum statistics is due to microscopic field fluctuations rather than photon counting. A manifestly covariant description of an electron transition is obtained in the form of a Lagrangian density which is then quantized by applying appropriate limits of integration. A simple shift in these limits yields an independent field in free space, or photon, which is bounded by parallel surfaces separated by a distance equal to the wavelength and period. The implications of this photon model upon interference phenomena and the inverse square law are briefly discussed. A test of the inverse square law is proposed.

Existing derivations of uncertainty for single particle interactions violate complementarity because they require that the photon exhibit wave and particle behavior simultaneously; and thus singularly. In order to restore physical consistency to quantum theory a model of the photon is proposed having spatial extension equal to the wavelength. As a result uncertainty and indeterminacy must be assigned independent meanings. Uncertainty describes the limit in measurability for instantaneous exchanges of momentum and is due to a photon's particle properties. It is causal in origin and provides a model for the kinematics of quantum theory. Indeterminacy, on the other hand, is statistical in nature and is attributed to the exchange of momentum by time-averaged fields. The need for two limitations on measurability is seen as an extension of the duality principle to measurement theory

Electromagnetic Phenomena, V3, N1 (9), pp. 81-85. Einstein derived his coefficients of induced and spontaneous emission by assuming that electromagnetic radiation is directional, having the form of "needle radiation". That idea is extended here and shown to suggest a model of the atom in which excited atomic states are treated as three-body problems; nucleus, electron, and photon. The fully quantized electromagnetic field, or photon, is conceived of therefore as having a central core surrounded by a continuous sinusoidal field; and stimulated emission is the result of recoil momentum. "Real" frequency doubling oscillators replace fictitious harmonic oscillators as the mechanism that connects excited atomic states with radiation fields. This allows the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to be assigned a more precise physical interpretation. Evidence of the fully quantized electromagnetic field and frequency doubling oscillators is briely described at the macroscopic level as well, by citing experiments from chaos theory and high speed photographs of spark discharges. The totality of the experimental evidence indicates that quantum phenomena occur when field sources are of balanced intensity while classical phenomena are the result of imbalanced intensities, i.e. when elds are describable by test charges.

Heisenberg's microscope experiment for the determination of the position of an electron is fundamentally flawed because it does not define position in four dimensions, as an event in space-time. To rectify this the microscope is substituted for by an ideal radar system situated at the origin of a coordinate system, thereby defining a reference system. It is then demonstrated that the origin and resulting coordinate points have a minimum uncertainty due to the physical extension of the photon in space-time. Further analysis reveals that quantum mechanics may be characterized in general as the study of material processes for which the spatial extension of the photon must be taken into account.

Heisenberg described the mathematical relationship (Delta)p(Delta)x=h as the "uncertainty" principle to indicate that it expresses an observer's lack of knowledge of the wave function of a particle. Later interpretations have preferred the use of "indeterminacy" indicating that this is actually a property of the wave function. It is shown here that in order to define a reference system quantum-mechanically, both uncertainty and indeterminacy must be included, but as separate concepts. Uncertainty is expressed in the classically defined coordinates of the observer, while indeterminacy is defined in the coordinates of quantum mechanical state space.

Electromagnetic Phenomena Vol 3, No. 2, pp. 205-211. It is hypothesized that in order for atomic radiating systems to be in strict compliance with the conservation laws their fields must be quantized. A hydrogen atom is conceived of therefore as the dynamic superposition of three field sources; proton, electron, and photon; and the formalism of non-relativistic quantum mechanics is interpreted as stepwise linear superpositions to the problem of determining the superposition of their partial differential equations. The electron oscillator is introduced to describe energy conservation in emission and absorption processes; and causality is invoked to explain the non-commutation of observables. The model of light that evolves suggests applications for testing the theory in interference phenomena and astronomy.

A student who wants to "understand" quantum mechanics asks a physics professor how to determine the four-coordinate position of a particle. It soon becomes evident that Heisenberg's microscope experiment is totally inadequate as a model since the observer does not actually participate in the measurement process, and a procedure for measuring the time coordinate microscopically has never been defined. In fact, in a strict sense, quantum mechanics does not have a logically coherent method for determining position in even a single dimension. Their attempts to resolve these differences are an exercise in futility until the student finally realizes that before they can agree on anything they have to be able to communicate.

Three separate subject areas are discussed. In the first, several experiments are described concerning the nature of light and the electromagnetic field. Three of them cannot be explained by either classical or quantum theory, thus demonstrating that a more comprehensive theory of electromagnetic radiation is needed. Next, some theoretical requirements are enumerated that must be satisfied if the concept of "photon" is to be employed in formulating a theory that can be considered complete. In the last section field diagrams are used to show that theory and experiment may be reconciled by conceiving of photons as localized concentrations of magnetic field.

A study of what causes increases of achievement motivation in a society over long periods of time.   Published by Personality and Individual Differences Pergamon Press 22,403 (1997)

A model of the photon is proposed which would account for differences between the semiclassical and quantum theories of electromagnetic radiation. The evidence opposing this model is shown to be inconclusive. Guidelines for a more precise experimental test are outlined.